「天宮」「神九」手控對接 如太空打靶
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「天宮」「神九」手控對接 如太空打靶
大陸新聞組北京23日電
June 24, 2012 06:06 AM | 4652 次 | 0 
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中國「神舟九號」和「天宮一號」於北京時間中午12時進行二度對接，由太空人以手動方式，控制「神舟九號」太空船與「天宮一號」太空實驗室對接任務。專家把對接比作「打靶」，若失準撞損，兩者都可能報廢。
AP
中國載人航天工程總設計師周建平23日表示，實施手控交會對接時，三名太空人返回太空船返回艙。隨後太空船自主撤離至距「天宮一號」400公尺處，再自主接近目標飛行器，在120公尺停泊點轉由太空人手動控制，完成交會對接。
太空船系統總指揮何宇做了這樣的比喻：「『神舟七號』太空人還是在『坐太空船』，從發射到返回都採用自動控制，不需要人手動干預。而『神舟九號』進行手控交會對接，對太空人來說就已是在『開太空船』了。太空人要掌握太空船姿態和軌道的控制權，就如同開車，既要控制方向，又要控制速度。」
報導說，為使手控交會對接萬無一失，太空人在地面進行了上千次訓練。太空人選拔訓練研究室主任吳斌說，「負責交會對接任務的劉旺，訓練已達1500次。在儀表沒有數據的情況下，他僅靠光學顯示就能操作」。
中國太空人科研訓練中心副主任白延強表示，這實際是把兩個高速飛行器對接起來，使其成為一個組合體，難度就像天宮上有個靶子，宇航器要像槍一樣打中靶心。
他說，「神九和天宮飛行速度每小時超過上萬公里，重量在8噸到9噸，對接時要求接近的相對速度是每秒0.2公尺，角度偏差1°之內，橫向偏差在0.2公尺到0.3公尺。這就要求在對接過程中，嚴格控制高速飛行器的誤差」。
新華社報導，在天宮與神舟組合體正常飛行狀態下，太空人劉旺已於22日操作太空船姿態控制手柄，對組合體飛行姿態進行控制試驗。這是中國太空人首次在空間實施對飛行器的姿態控制並取得成功。
此外，載人航天工程總設計師周建平表示，從世界載人航天的發展來看，交會對接應該涵蓋自動和人工兩個方面，二者互為備份，缺一不可。只有自動和人工技術都得到驗證，才是實現了完整的交會對接。同時，手控交會對接，也是對中國生產對接機構的進一步驗證。
Chinese spacecraft docks with orbiting module
China's possible future space missions could also include sending a man to the moon.
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In this image made off the screen at the Beijing Aerospace Control Center in Beijing and released by China's Xinhua News Agency, Shenzhou-9 spacecraft and Tiangong-1 lab module, partly seen on left, are conjoined again Sunday. (AP Photo/Beijing Aerospace Control Center via Xinhua)
updated 6/24/2012 6:27:02 AM ET
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BEIJING — A Chinese spacecraft carrying three astronauts docked manually with an orbiting module on Sunday, a first for the country as it strives to match American and Russian exploits in space.
The Shenzhou 9 capsule's maneuver with the Tiangong 1 module was shown live on national television. It follows a docking last week that was carried out by remote control from a ground base in China.
The Chinese astronauts have been living and working in the module for the past week as part of preparations for manning a permanent space station. They returned to the Shenzhou 9 capsule early Sunday and disconnected in preparation for the manual reconnection.
Wu Ping, spokeswoman for China's manned space program, told reporters in Beijing that hand levers were used to control Shenzhou 9 and position it to dock with the orbiting module. The maneuver was "precise and perfect" and the three astronauts carried it out "calmly and skillfully," Wu said.
"This success in manual docking represents a major breakthrough in our space rendezvous and docking technologies," Wu said.
China's next goals include another manned mission to the module later this year and replacing Tiangong 1, which was launched last year, with a permanent space station around 2020. Possible future missions could also include sending a man to the moon.
China's permanent space station is to weigh about 60 tons, slightly smaller than NASA's Skylab of the 1970s and about one-sixth the size of the 16-nation International Space Station.
The Shenzhou 9 crew includes 33-year-old Liu Yang, an air force pilot and China's first female space traveler. Liu is joined by mission commander and veteran astronaut Jing Haipeng, 45, and crew mate Liu Wang, 43.
Their mission, which is expected to last at least 10 days, is China's fourth manned mission. Shenzhou 9 launched June 16 from the Jiuquan center on the edge of the Gobi desert in northern China.
Wu said the astronauts will spend three to four more days in the module before returning to the capsule and manually separating from Tiangong 1. Once back in Shenzhou 9, they will return to Earth within a day, she said.
China is hoping to join the United States and Russia as the only countries to send independently maintained space stations into orbit. It is already one of just three nations to have launched manned spacecraft on their own.
Wu said China spent 20 billion yuan (US$3.1 billion) on its space program between 1992 and 2005. By the time the next Shenzhou mission is completed, Beijing will have spent an additional 19 billion yuan (US$3 billion), she said.
